Gabriel Synthesis

Gabriel Synthesis

The Gabriel synthesis of amines is the chemical reaction that transforms primary alkyl halides into primary amines in a two-step reaction process. (i) Potassium phthalimide is first alkylated, and (ii) the resulting N- alkylphthalimide is subsequently hydrolyzed. DMF,...
Hofmann Rearrangement

Hofmann Rearrangement

The Hofmann rearrangement allows the conversion of primary carboxamides to the corresponding one-carbon shorter amines. There is complete retention of configuration when enantiopure amides are used. The reaction can form a wide range of products, including alkyl and...

Baeyer-Villiger oxidation

The Baeyer-Villiger oxidation allows the transformation of ketones into esters and cyclic ketones into lactones by the use of a wide range of peroxyacids, being m-CPBA the most common. The regiochemistry depends on the migratory capacity of the alkyl groups, with the...
Suzuki Coupling

Suzuki Coupling

The Suzuki coupling, or Suzuki–Miyaura reaction, is a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling between organoboronic acids or esters and organic halides or triflates under basic conditions to form a new C–C sigma bond. The Suzuki coupling reaction is performed between an...
Buchwald-Hartwig Coupling

Buchwald-Hartwig Coupling

The Buchwald-Hartwig coupling is a direct Pd-catalyzed C–N or C–O bond formation reaction between aryl halides and amines or alcohols, typically conducted in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of base. The coupling can be both intermolecular and intramolecular...
Michael Reaction

Michael Reaction

The Michael reaction or Michael addition is a C–C bond-forming reaction. It consists of the nucleophilic addition of an activated nucleophile (Michael donor) to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound (Michael acceptor). It belongs to the class of conjugate additions or...