Wittig Reaction

Wittig Reaction

The Wittig reaction involves the formation of C–C double bonds, olefins, from carbonyl compounds and phosphorous ylides. The phosphorous ylides can be prepared from a triaryl- or trialkylphosphine (e.g., triphenylphosphine) and an alkyl halide followed by...
Ley-Griffith Oxidation

Ley-Griffith Oxidation

The Ley-Griffith oxidation enables the oxidation of primary or secondary alcohols to aldehydes or ketones. The central catalyst is tetra propylammonium perruthenate (TPAP), which is used in combination with the co-oxidant N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO). TPAP is a...
Pinnick Oxidation

Pinnick Oxidation

In the Pinnick oxidation, aldehydes are oxidized into their corresponding carboxylic acids using sodium chlorite, mild acidic conditions, and a scavenger. The reaction is also known as Pinnick-Kraus, Lindgren-Kraus, or Pinnick-Lindgren-Kraus oxidation. Despite the...
Claisen Condensation

Claisen Condensation

The Claisen condensation is a C–C bond-forming reaction between esters containing α-hydrogens in the presence of a strong base to give β-keto esters. If the ester enolate reacts with a ketone or aldehyde, a β- hydroxyester is formed (crossed aldol addition)....
Aldol Reaction

Aldol Reaction

The aldol reaction, aldol addition or aldol condensation, involves the addition of the enol or enolate of a carbonyl compound (nucleophile) to an aldehyde or ketone (electrophile). This reaction occurs under either basic or acidic conditions, leading to the formation...